基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模拟

为建立基于智能体和元胞自动机(Agent-CA)的鱼道内鱼类行为模型,该研究以计算流体力学软件得到的水流流场数据为基础,根据过鱼试验研究认识到的鱼上溯行为特征和规律,定义了不同场景下鱼的避开障碍、寻找主流、逆流向前、逆流后退、冲刺、随机6种行为和行为规则,将鱼道划分成多个二维元胞空间,将元胞空间中元胞状态为"鱼"的网格看作是一个智能体(Agent)。在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中应用该模型对草鱼幼鱼的上溯行为进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实际过鱼轨迹进行对比。结果表明:该研究构建的模型能够较好地描述实际过鱼的主要上溯轨迹,针对3种体型竖缝式鱼道的模拟特征轨迹范围相对误差分别为23.5%、7.7%和2.3%。本研究提出的基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模型具有较好的适用性,可为鱼类行为模拟研究提供重要基础数据。     

Influence of alpine plants growing on steep slopes on sediment trapping and transport by runoff

Understanding the interactions between soil and the organisms that are conducive to decreasing sediment runoff is a great concern on high-elevation ski trails. Intense rainfalls on steep slopes combined with soil formed on gypsum result in recurrent erosion. This study was conducted in the northern French Alps to determine the abilities of species: (1) to make mounds and (2) to trap sediment and thereby to control erosion at the slope scale. We also investigated relevant above-ground plant characteristics related to those abilities. Sediment runoff or deposition was investigated at small and large spatial scales. We assessed whether hoof prints in soil reflect sediment runoff at the slope scale by trapping sediment. Populations of plants growing on two slope angles (25° and 35°) and three vegetation cover densities (15%, 35%, 60%) were surveyed. An experiment was also conducted to measure the sediment deposit upslope of target species and over three months during the autumn. Small mounds were found upslope of the plant and sediment deposit measurements showed that they resulted from a sedimentation process. Nevertheless the species differed in their capacity to make mounds. Sesleria caerulea and Festuca alpina had the highest amount of sediment deposition over the experimental period. Among the plant characteristics, plant length was positively correlated with mound area, while the roundness index of the canopy was negatively correlated with mound height. Mound formation was also positively related to the number of tillers or shoots. Sediment accumulation in cow hoof prints was linked to runoff that occurred at the slope scale. Low deposition in hoof prints means low sediment runoff or a large deposition on mounds, due to the increase in vegetation cover. All the findings stressed that understanding the processes in action at larger scales requires studying processes at smaller scales.     

保水剂在农业上的应用与研究进展

综述了国内外保水剂的研制、生产与应用概况,阐述了保水剂的应用机理与应用技术,探讨了保水剂的施用效果,指出了该领域研究中存在的问题。     

螯合剂对沉积物中铬的去向的影响

A laboratory investigation on reaction between chelating agents and chromium was conducted to evaluate the effect of chelating agents on the adsorption and desorption of chromium in sediment. The amount of adsorbed chromium(Ⅵ) in sediment decreased slightly by 5%-10% because of addition of chelating agents. Chelating agents inhibited the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) by sediment from solutions and the inhibiting effect was in the order: citric acid > tartaric acid > EDTA, salicylic acid. No effect of chelating agents on desorption of chromium in sediment was observed.     

SA-IP-SPS型保水剂及其对土壤物理性能的影响

以未经预处理的工业级丙烯酸、聚乙烯醇为原料，首先通过氯磺酸磺化法在聚乙烯醇分子中引入强亲水性离子基团，然后采用静态水溶液聚合法合成了吸盐水率较高、凝胶机械强度较高的的聚丙烯酸钠-聚乙烯醇硫酸钠互穿网络(SA-IP-SPS）型保水剂。研究了SA-IP-SPS型保水剂含量、颗粒大小对南方赤红壤的水分抑蒸发性能和团粒结构的影响，比较研究结果表明，SA-IP-SPS型保水剂对赤红壤的水分抑蒸发性能和团粒结构改良性能与丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺交联共聚型保水剂效果相当，但明显优于传统的交联聚丙烯酸钠保水剂。     

黄土高原治理中的委托—代理关系及激励机制

根据委托—代理理论 ,对黄土高原治理中的参与方进行了辨析。分析了现存的委托—代理关系中存在的问题 ,设计出了新的激励与约束机制 ,使代理人能够按照委托人的意志行事     

辐射敏化剂对离子注入小麦生物学效应的影响

采用中国科学院兰州近代物理研究所 2 0 0kV离子注入机产生的不同剂量Fe1+ ,对春小麦新品系 81 52 9种子进行注入并用辐射敏化剂后处理 ,研究其注入效应。结果表明 :①离子注入随注入剂量的增加染色体畸变率呈上升趋势 ;②不同辐射敏化剂后处理对萌发力、染色体畸变率影响程度不同 ;③不同辐射敏化剂对同一剂量Fe1+ 离子注入小麦的染色体畸变率影响的总趋势 :EDTA >秋水仙素 >咖啡因。     

不同固体微生物菌剂对砒砂岩土壤性质和紫花苜蓿生长的影响

为研制改良砒砂岩土壤、强化植物生长的微生物菌剂,该研究以嗜盐芽孢杆菌Bacillus halotolerans P75、苜蓿中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium meliloti D10、巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium H3和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis HB01为原料,利用生物基材吸附混合,制备4种单一固体微生物菌剂和多种复合固体微生物菌剂。通过分析pH值、有机质含量、有效氮磷钾含量、酶活性和细菌数量等指标来研究添加微生物菌剂对砒砂岩土壤性质和紫花苜蓿幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,与不添加微生物菌剂的对照组相比,微生物菌剂能够使砒砂岩土壤pH值降到中性附近,促使土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量显著增加,提高了土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,增加了土壤细菌数量,同时促进了紫花苜蓿幼苗生长,其中以含菌株P75、D10和H3以及含菌株P75、D10、H3和HB01的复合菌剂的效果最佳。该试验研究可以为微生物菌剂在砒砂岩区土壤改良和植被恢复方面的应用提供试验基础和参考。     

茶油皂脚脂肪酸甲酯制备的水溶性改性胺固化物性能研究

以茶油皂脚脂肪酸甲酯制备的水溶性改性胺(CA-921)与水性环氧树脂固化,通过热重分析、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、机械性能测试及扫描电镜分析,研究了环氧树脂分散相粒子的粒径和黏度、环氧基与胺氢物质的量之比及固化温度对固化物性能的影响.研究结果表明,黏度及粒径均较小的水性环氧乳液AB-EP-20与固化剂CA-921复配所...